“The structure is not genius; even for the exclusive hedge funds, genius turned out to have been a rising market.” – The Go-Go Years (pp. 348)
One of my goals with some additional time is to embark on “learning projects” across a few domains. Capital market history is one of those domains. That is where this book fits in. Expect more notes along similar lines.
Overall, I personally found the writing style of the author to be difficult to follow, in spite of my interest in the content. The story covers the period including the evolution of mutual funds and the stock exchanges, the rise in prominence of conglomerates, and the “Nifty Fifty” growth stocks.
It is possible that I am over-fitting, but history does seem to rhyme.
Three take-aways from the book:
The Cause of Investor Amnesia
“Indeed, by 1969 half of Wall Street’s salesmen and analysts would be persons who had come into the business since 1962, and consequently had never seen a bad market break.” (pp. 113)
This sounds familiar to a theme I hear today. Or maybe a theme I believe in today. Many investors today, if they came of age post-Great Financial Crisis (2007 – 2008) have known mostly good times with few meaningful setbacks. That has been a long period of time; close to 15 years, where any setbacks have quickly been reversed.
Wall Street Crisis
“At the start of December, Wall Street hung by its fingertips. Roughly one hundred Stock Exchange firms had vanished over the past two years through merger or liquidation. Forty thousand customer accounts were involved in the thirteen cases of liquidation, and most of them were still tied up, the customers unable to get their cash or securities.” (pp. 341)
“Legislation to create a federal Securities Investor Protection Corporation, on the model of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect bank depositors, was before Congress; it had no chance of passage until the present mess in Wall Street was cleared up, and thus, while it might help in future crises, it was powerless against this one.” (pp. 341)
The details on the crisis within Wall Street itself was all new to me. See take-away #1. And, so were the origins of SIPC.
There were brokerage failures during the GFC. The causes of those were mostly characterized based on bad decisions and investments. Whereas, the brokerage failures during the period covered in the book appear to be based more on a bad business model that was not keeping up with the times.
Regardless, the thought of investors losing their securities or not having access to them for an extended period was a “new” risk to consider (https://www.investors.com/etfs-and-funds/sectors/stock-market-schwab-implodes-money-safe/).
Fun With Accounting
“Where a series of corporate mergers is concerned, the current earnings per share of the surviving company lose much of the yardstick quality that the novice investor so trustingly assumes. The simple mathematical fact is that any time a company with a high earnings multiple buys one with a lower multiple, a kind of magic comes into play. Earnings per share of the new, merged company in the first year of its life come out higher than those of the acquiring company in the previous year, even those neither company does any more business than before. There is an apparent growth in earnings that is entirely an optical illusion.” (pp. 157)
“Moreover, under accounting procedures of the late nineteen sixties, a merger could generally be recorded in either of two ways – as a purchase of one company by another, or as a simple pooling of the combined resources. In many cases, the current earnings of the combined company came out quite differently under the two methods, and it was understandable that the company’s accountants were inclined to choose arbitrarily the method that gave the more cheerful result.” (pp. 157)
“The conglomerate game tended to become a form of pyramiding, comparable to the public-utility holding company game that flourished in 1928, crashed in 1929, and was belatedly outlawed in the dark hangover days of 1935. The accountant evaluating the results of a conglomerate merger would apply his creative resources by writing an earnings figure that looked good to investors, they, reacting to the artistry, would buy the company’s stock, thereby forcing its market price up to a high multiple again; the company would then make a new merger, write new higher earnings, and so on. The conglomerate need neither toil nor spin – only keep buying companies and writing up earnings. It was magic, until the pyramid became top-heavy and fell.” (pp. 158)
This is why my favorite financial statement is the Cash Flow Statement; a topic for another post. At least investors during the period were focused on earnings. That seems to be a novel idea for current investors.
And a bonus take-away:
“For example, those familiar old forces so long so helpful to business management in getting the most possible work out of low-level employees – company loyalty and personal competitiveness – scarcely seemed to operate on the new breed of back-office employees at all.” (pp. 196)
Apparently they had millennials back in the 1960s too.
“If you’re going to panic, panic first.” – Old adage
Well, March was exciting. Inflation and bank failures…a recipe for…the stock market to crush it?
In my first full month of semi (?) retirement, we had a bunch of house guests and made a short trek up to Ketchum, Idaho for some skiing at Sun Valley and skating at Galena Lodge .
Here are my most influential reads for the month – in no particular order:
Dissecting Goldman’s gory $2.25bn SVB equity issue – “Second, the stock offering has to be underwritten. Hard-underwritten. Or already subscribed-for. Investors must assess the equity offering on the basis of a repaired balance sheet. They must know you don’t actually need them.”
The Powell of Positive Thinking – “He clearly signaled (again) that once Fed overnight policy rates reach a peak, they would not be declining for a while. “
Risk Capital and Markets: A Temporary Retreat or Long Term Pull Back? – “It behooves both investors and traders to therefore track movements in risk capital, since it is will determine when long term bets on value will pay off for the former, and the timing of entry into and exit from markets for the latter.”
Free Money Turned Brains to Mush, Now Some Banks Fail – “And when I say “free money” with regards to banks, I mean it literally. Since 2008, banks have been borrowing from depositors at 0% interest or near 0% interest. Even today, even as some banks are trying to attract more deposits by offering higher interest rates, even today when the Fed’s short-term rates are near 5%, the average interest rate on savings accounts is still only 0.4%. Even today, 0.4%.” SMS: This is nuts.
Is Inflation Mean-Reverting? – “What that means – and it is super important – is that inflation has momentum. Keep in mind that during most of the period shown here, the Federal Reserve was actively trying to make inflation mean-revert. And they didn’t succeed, at least on a one-year basis.”
Banking Woes Hark Back to the S&L Crisis of the 1980s – “Former Fed Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker used high rates to squeeze inflation out of the economy four decades ago, and the savings & loan industry was among the unintended victims. “
The easiest way to spot a market bubble – “New Metrics get invented while timeless investing principles become a thing of the past.” See Cash EBITDA. SMS: During the sale of my business last year, the investment bankers wanted me to use “Cash EBITDA”, but they could not even provide a definition.
Note: This is based on when I read the article, not necessarily when it was first published. Unfortunately, my backlog of things I would like to read always seems to dwarf the amount of time I can devote to reading.
Equities were rallying through this period, unsurprisingly. So, were digital bit apes and other assorted things.
However, there appears to be evidence that credit conditions are now heading the other way:
“The Federal Reserve has reduced its balance sheet by $626 billion since the peak in April 2022, with total assets now down to $8.34 trillion, the lowest since August 2021, according to the weekly balance sheet released today. Compared to a month ago, total assets dropped by $94 billion.” “Over the past four weeks, the Fed has shed $61.2 billion in Treasury securities, exceeding by a smidgen the monthly cap of $60 billion.” – Fed’s Balance Sheet Drops by $626 Billion from Peak
“As it stands, the average lender is now back up into the low 7’s for a well-qualified 30yr fixed scenario. These aren’t the highest levels we’ve seen during this cycle, but they are the highest in more than 4 months (and not too far away from the long-term highs just under 7.4%).” – Calculated Risk: “Mortgage Rates Now Back Above 7%”
We have had a 15 year bull market with low interest rates and lots of liquidity. In other words, “Disneyland.”
My sense is most market participants are going to be slow to change how they learned to behave during the bull market cycle, until they are forced to do so.
“Standards apply not just to the quality of work you produce but the opportunities you work on. If you accept substandard work from yourself, you’ll only get average work from others. If you say yes to average projects, you’ll have no time for exceptional ones.” – Brain Food, Farnam Street
Big news in my world: I resigned my CFO role at a private equity backed software maker after selling the business to a new private equity group. I will be taking some time off to “to evaluate, to collect, to dream, to wonder and to wander.”
Reading and writing more is definitely a goal.
Here are my most influential reads for the month – in no particular order:
Jim Chanos: The Golden Age of Fraud in Finance – ” One of the things that is as old as financial markets is that we don’t see oversight or new laws and regulations until after people lose money.”
“Disinflation” Hoopla Sunk by Spiking Prices – “Not only did all the relevant measures get a lot worse in January, but the prior three months, October through December, were revised higher – much like the CPI inflation readings a couple of weeks ago – showing substantially greater inflation momentum at the end of the year than originally shown.”
The Wisdom of Non-Effort – “Non-effort is letting yourself take a walk and notice what comes up for you as something to write about, and trusting that”
Just Twenty-Five Pages a Day – “The solution I devised for myself is a simple one: 25 pages a day. That’s it. Just commit to that, and then do it.”
Buffett Profile from 1979: “The investor’s investor” – “The essence of Warren Buffett’s thinking is that the business world is divided into a tiny number of wonderful businesses well worth investing in at a price and a huge number of bad or mediocre businesses that are not attractive as long-term investments.”
We Are All Bond Traders Now – “What this means is that if interest rates are low, you care a great deal about the interest rate. Any change to your numerator is easily wiped out by a small change in the interest rate you are discounting at.”
The Forgotten Lessons of 2008: Seth Klarman – “You must buy on the way down. There is far more volume on the way down than on the way back up, and far less competition among buyers. It is almost always better to be too early than too late, but you must be prepared for price markdowns on what you buy.”
Enough Part 2 – A Framework – Calibrating Capital – “Too many of us run too hard for too long, reaching a point of exhaustion (or worse) when we could have taken a breather (or several of them) long ago.”
Microsoft and the Metaverse – “I suspect that this is the path that virtual reality will take. Like PCs, the first major use case will be knowledge workers using devices bought for them by their employer, eager to increase collaboration in a remote work world, and as quality increases, offer a superior working environment.”
Note: This is based on when I read the article, not necessarily when it was first published. Unfortunately, my backlog of things I would like to read always seems to dwarf the amount of time I can devote to reading.
“If you stick to a path that is no longer worth pursuing, whether it’s a relationship that isn’t going well, or a stock that you’re invested in that’s losing money, or an employee that you’ve hired who isn’t performing, that is when you lose ground.” – Brain Food, Farnam Street
I have some thoughts here, but have not had the time to put them into writing. So I am not sure if they are good thoughts or not.
I continue to feel the risks here are massive and still mostly hidden, and there is a good chance of getting squished. Which I would prefer not to have happen. Squishing mechanisms include but are not limited to U.S. treasury market illiquidity, imbalances created by the currency market / massive USD strength, and real estate market trend changes.
Midterm elections will be interesting. But I cannot watch. There seems to be a faction of people that are “bat shit” crazy. And there is not a rational middle ground between “bat shit” crazy and not “bat shit crazy”. So, we should just stop trying. But tolerating “bat shit” crazy is not a good option.
And, I think you have witnessed peak Zuckerberg and Musk, but for slightly different reasons. Do you want to be bold and call peak Private Equity while we are at it?
Continuing to notch some “easy” reads:
And that got me to my objective:
Here are my most influential reads for the month – in no particular order:
Rare Skills – “People don’t like leaving opportunities on the table, and it’s counterintuitive to realize that you’ll likely end up with more than those whose appetite for more is insatiable.”
Brief amicus curiae of The Onion filed – “Rising from its humble beginnings as a print newspaper in 1756, The Onion now enjoys a daily readership of 4.3 trillion and has grown into the single most powerful and influential organization in human history.” SMS: Not a follower of the Onion, but this is some inspirational writing.
Harvard predicts looming markdowns to private assets – ” Private funds, however, have not been adjusted to reflect new market conditions, and many have gained in value through to the end of mid-year — a disconnect Harvard predicts will hit portfolios later.”
What to Buy? Bonds. When? Now. – “Looking at the latter half of the 1970s, however, rates increased from 5% to 10%, yet bonds kept making money.”
Summary of My Post-CPI Tweets – “It’s a mistake, the same one people are making in rents & home prices. Rates of change could mean-revert. Prices will not. Prices are permanently higher, b/c the amount of money in the system is permanently higher. This chart shows the price level. Not going back to the old days.”
E-Bikes Need Their Own Classification System on Public Land – “Rapidly increasing E-mountain bike (eMTB) use on non-motorized trails is increasing these conflicts and impacts.” SMS: Explain to me how a eMTB is not a motorized vehicle? Is a Tesla not motorized?
You weren’t supposed to see that – “In total, the Federal government created $4.3 trillion in direct economic stimulus of which $3.95 trillion was dropped onto the economy, as if by helicopter, in a period of under 18 months.”
The bond market massacre of September 2022 – “The fear is that as central banks end the long period in which they systematically supported bond markets, deep cracks will be exposed. “
Note: This is based on when I read the article, not necessarily when it was first published. Unfortunately, my backlog of things I would like to read always seems to dwarf the amount of time I can devote to reading.
“When you are a Bear of Very Little Brain, and you Think of Things, you find sometimes that a Thing which seemed very Thingish inside you is quite different when it gets out into the open and has other people looking at it.” ― The House at Pooh Corner by A.A Milne”
Writers that can consistently and frequently write new and interesting pieces always impress me. I am pretty thrilled if I have what I consider to be one new and unique thought a month. Then have the luck to capture that fleeting moment down in writing. And, that generally turns into the Winnie the Pooh moment described above.
That previous paragraph may be an awkward way of explaining why I have been fairly quiet these days, on top of just being busy at work.
For similar reasons, reading was a bit off this month – although I did notch some easy reads.
Correct, I am a touch out of order on the Travis Mcgee series, but that does not seem to matter too much.
Here are my most influential reads for the month – in no particular order:
You’re not good at this. – “Zero percent interest rates plus fiscal and monetary stimulus with housing up 40% and stocks at an all-time high was a ridiculous policy.”
Entering the Superbubble’s Final Act – “The current superbubble features the most dangerous mix of these factors in modern times: all three major asset classes – housing, stocks, and bonds – were critically historically overvalued at the end of last year.”
A Housing Bubble and Kim Kardashian: More Troubling News for Markets – “Pumped up by Federal Reserve expansionary policies, the public’s wealth in equities and residential real estate has ballooned, relative to the economy, even faster and more furiously than during the housing bubble of the 2000s and the dot-com daffiness of the 1990s.”
Seeing Red – “Is China our enemy or competitor? The answer is yes.”
Would You Still Buy A Tesla? – “I used to be a fan of Elon Musk, no longer. The guy is irrational, and he believes the rules don’t apply to him. And he acts like he’s the only one who owns the truth, who can move us into the future, and that’s just hogwash.”
Pillow fight – “That’s like going to a Dallas Cowboys football game at AT&T Stadium, seeing 80,000 fans dressed in silver and blue with stars painted on their faces, all cheering wildly when the Cowboys score. Then, based on that experience, determining everyone across the nation is a rabid Cowboys fan and the 82,500 people at MetLife Stadium cheering for the Giants simply just can’t be real.”
Note: This is based on when I read the article, not necessarily when it was first published. Unfortunately, my backlog of things I would like to read always seems to dwarf the amount of time I can devote to reading.
